1992

January 13

Central America report December 18, 1992: On January 13 "Government and FMLN agree on a schedule for demobilization of the guerrillas and dismantling of the state security apparatus" (page 378).

January 16: Acuerdos de Paz: final agreement to end the war is signed at Chapultepec

Bland 1992: "The signing of the final peace accord in Mexico City on January 16, 1992, an occasion marked by extraordinary displays of mutual affection and respect among once-bitter enemies, demonstrated a genuine desire on the part of key actors in society to work toward democracy in El Salvador. The series of agreements reached between the Cristiani government and the FMLN touch all areas of society, including human rights protections, reforms in the judicial and the electoral systems, reduction of the armed forces, creation of a new national civilian police, economic and social policy changes, and the disarmament of the FMLN" (page 163).

Córdova Macías 1998: ‘After twenty-three working meetings in slightly less than two years of negotiations, and with the mediation of the United Nations, an accord put an end to twelve years of civil war" (page 142).

Williams 1997: "On 16 January 1992, in the Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, representatives of the government of El Salvador and the FMLN signed a historic peace agreement, culminating almost two years of intensive negotiations mediated by the United Nations. The accords represented an important step toward a genuine process of democratization and national reconciliation. More specifically, they provided a unique opportunity for subordinating the armed forces to civilian control, thereby dramatically reversing the military’s traditional role in politics" (page 151).

February

Dunkerley 1994: On February 1 "ceasefire comes into formal effect" (page 129). On February 20 Roberto D’Aubuissón dies of cancer.

December

Keesing’s record of world events December 1992: "The 12-year civil war in El Salvador was formally brought to an end on Dec. 15 when, after a series of delays and setbacks, the planned demobilization of guerrilla forces and active army units was finalized...The FMLN was formally registered as a political party on Dec. 15, and on Dec. 21 its members elected a 15-member political directorate" (page 39232).

1993

March

Córdova Macías 1994a: International Truth Commission Report states that 27 percent of voting age Salvadorans do not have the voting card required to vote (page 23). Gives results of TSE campaign to register voters (page 24).

Dunkerley 1994: On March 15 the International Truth Commission Report on political crimes since 1981 is published, "leading military figures named" (page 135).

1994

March 20: General election

Acevedo 1994: "(N)o ha dejado de ser sorpresivo el elevado índice de ausentismo registrado...Por primera vez en casi dos décadas habría elecciones supuestamente libres, en las cuales participarían todas las fuerzas del espectro político" (page 198). Gives total valid votes and total votes in the presidential election; total valid votes and total votes in the congressional election; and total valid votes and total votes in the municipal elections. Discusses abstention rate (page 199). Discusses performance of ARENA in each race (page 202). "Distribución de diputados en las elecciones legislativas del 20 de marzo de 1991" (page 211). Gives for each department and the national slate the seats won by each party.

Alcántara Sáez 1994: "El Salvador: escrutinio final presidencial, 1994" (page 167). Gives by department the votes for each party and total valid votes. "Distribución por departamentos / Partidos de los diputados electos" (page 171). Gives by department the congressional seats won by each party, the country total, and the percent of congress they constitute. "El Salvador: distribución de municipios por partidos ganadores" (page 174). Gives for each department the total number of municipios and the number won by each party. "El Salvador: comparación de los resultados porcentuales en las tres elecciones" (page 179). Gives percent of vote won by each party in the presidential, congressional, and municipal elections.

Cardenal 1994: Gives number of registered voters and number of these who were able to obtain voting cards (page 6). Gives number of voters with cards who voted (page 7). Gives number of valid votes and number and percent of votes for ARENA, Coalición, PDC, and "others" (page 12). Gives seats won by ARENA, FMLN, PDC, PCN, CD, and MU. Gives municipalities won by ARENA, PDC, FMLN, Coalición, PCN, and MAC and number of municipalities in which each of these had candidates (page 13).

Central America report March 25, 1994: "ARENA presidential candidate Armando Calderón Sol’s 49.3% falls just short of the required 51% and the presidential election goes to a second round next month" (page 1). Gives congressional seats won by each party, municipalities won by ARENA, and PARLACEN seats won by each party.

Central America report April 8, 1994: Official results (page 3). Gives percent of vote won by each party in the presidential election. Gives number of seats won in congress by ARENA, FMLN, PDC, PCN, CD, and MU. Gives number of mayoralties won by ARENA, FMLN, PDC, and PCN (page 4).

Cerdas Cruz 1996: "El Salvador: results of 1994 presidential elections (first round)" (page 22). Gives number and percent of votes for each party. "El Salvador: results of 1994 congressional elections" (page 25). Gives number and percent of votes and seats won by each party.

Córdova Maciás 1994: Gives total votes cast in presidential election, percent this constitutes of registered voters and voters with the "carnet electoral" (page 37), and percent of presidential vote won by ARENA, Coalición, and PDC (page 38). Gives Congressional seats won by ARENA and FMLN and mayoralties won by ARENA, PDC, FMLN and PCN (page 39).

Córdova Macías 1998: "Distribution of seats by party in the 1994 elections, controlling by means of selection" (page 148). Gives by department the number of seats for each party won either by quota or remainder.

Country report. Guatemala, El Salvador 1994. 2: "Probably the most important long-term victory for ARENA came at the municipal level, where it gained control of 211 out of 262 municipalities, 50 more than before. Because the municipal elections are decided on a winner-take-all system, in which the municipal council seats all belong to the winning party in the mayoral race, opposition forces will have no representation in local governments across most of the country. The FMLN did much worse than expected, winning in some 12-14 municipalities, with the PDC taking twice as many. In almost all municipalities, ARENA won with under 50% of the popular vote ... Approximately 1.4 million out of an eligible 2.7 million voters went to the polls" (page 26).

Dada Hirezi 1994: Gives percent of vote won by ARENA, Coalición, and PDC (page 55). Gives seats won by ARENA, FMLN, PDC, PCN, CD, and MU. Gives municipalities won by each party.

Eguizábal 1994: Gives the percent of congressional vote, number of seats, municipalities, and percent of presidential vote won by ARENA (page 86). Gives the number and percent of congressional votes, number of seats, municipalities, and percent of presidential vote won by FMLN. Gives the percent of congressional vote, number of seats, municipalities, and percent of presidential vote won by PDC.

El Salvador elecciones 1995: Gives for ARENA percent of presidential vote received and number of seats and municipalities won (page 104). Gives for Coalición the percent of presidential vote and number of seats and municipalities won (page 105). Gives names of the municipalities where FMLN won the mayoral races (page 106). Gives for PDC the percent of vote received and seats and municipalities won. Gives seats won by PCN and MU. MAC, MNR, and MSN each received less than 1 percent of the vote (page 107). Gives number of mayorships won and number of mayorships for which a party candidate stood for election for ARENA, PDC, FMLN, Convergencia, PCN, and MAC (page 106). "Elección presidencial. Resultados electorales, marzo 20 de 1994, primera vuelta" (pages 142-143). Gives by department the votes received by seven parties, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, total votes, and percent of registered voters.

El Salvador: elections 1994: Gives number who voted, congressional seats won by four parties, and municipal councils won by ARENA (page 1). "In the Assembly race, parties ran slates of candidates for each of 14 Departments and another slate of 20 national seats (64 of the 84 members of the Assembly were thus elected from departmental slates). The seats were awarded according to proportional representation for each slate, so that if a party won 25% of the vote in a

Department with 16 seats its top four candidates would be elected...Municipal Council seats, on the other hand, were awarded on a winner take all basis; the party with the most votes, whether it wins 50% or 15%, wins the mayorship and all council seats" (page 4). Gives number of voting centers and number of voting tables (page 6). "Women and the political culture" (page 14-15). Gives number of women elected to the Assembly and to mayorships in the 1994 election. "March 20, 1994 National Assembly vote" (page 38). Gives for each department the total seats available and total valid votes, and for each party gives the number and percent of votes and number of seats won. Totals for the country the percent of the vote and number of seats won by each party.

Las elecciones: "el fiasco del siglo" 1994: Gives election results, including total valid votes; number and percent of presidential votes for each party; null votes; blank votes; and total votes cast (page 156). Gives seats won by each party. Gives results of municipal elections, including the number of municipalities won by each party and the number of municipalities in which each had candidates (page 157). "En este nivel, la abstención forzada fue determinante, puesto que en muchas municipalidades el triunfo del partido oficial se decidió por muy pocos votos. Aparentemente, esta sería la menos llamativa de las cuatro elecciones...pero en la práctica es la más importante, porque en este nivel es donde se comienza a constituir el Estado. El poder del presidente muy rara vez llega hasta las 262 municipalidades, pero el poder municipal se ejerce y se experimenta de manera permanente y directa."

FLACSO 1995: Extensive election data for 1994 election throughout. "Electores inscritos y votos emitidos en los comicios de 1994" (page 173) gives total registered voters and the number and percent of voters who voted in the two presidential elections, the congressional elections, and the municipal elections (includes contested, null, and blank votes). "Distribución de la Asamblea Legislativa 1994-1997" (page 189) gives departmental and national seats held by each party. "Resultados electorales elección concejos municipales" (page 192) gives valid votes and percent won by each party. "Alcaldías 1994-1997" (page 193) gives total mayors elected by party.

Keesing’s record of world events March 1994: Gives preliminary results of elections, including the percent of the vote for the top three presidential candidates, the congressional seats won by each party, and the municipal councils won by each party (page 39906). "The left, while expressing satisfaction at its performance, estimated that more than 300,000 of 2,400,000 eligible voters had been prevented from voting by irregularities such as omission from electoral lists, or denial of voter cards because of the loss of birth certificates during the war. Transport and the availability of polling centres in rural areas had been poor."

Lehoucq 1995: "Presidential election results in El Salvador 1994" (page 179). For first round gives the number and percent of votes received by each party, the annulled and invalid votes and abstentions, and the total votes. "Legislative election results" (page 180). Gives the number of seats won by each party.

Lungo 1995: "At the national level, the FMLN emerged as the second most powerful political force in the country. The organization came away with an important share of power in the Legislative Assembly, despite its limited resources and political inexperience. At the municipal level, however, the left suffered an undeniable defeat, winning in only 15 mostly small municipalities" (page 33). Lists names of municipalities won by FMLN (page 34).

Lungo Uclés 1996: "The FMLN gained recognition as a legal political party and cooperated with the CD in supporting Rubén Zamora as a joint presidential candidate" (page 29). Gives for ARENA the percent of the presidential vote, number of legislative seats, and municipalities won. Gives seats won by the FMLN (page 30).

Montgomery 1995: Gives percent of presidential vote for major parties (page 265). Gives number of assembly seats and mayoralties won by each party.

Mujeres 1995: "Resultados electorales (en porcentajes sobre total de personas carnetizadas)" (page 21). For ARENA, Coalición, PDC, and PCN gives percent of vote for mayors, congressional seats, and president, and percent of persons with "carnets" who abstained. "Resultados electorales (en porcentajes sobre total de votos válidos emitidos)" (page 22). Same arrangement as above, based on valid votes. "Mujeres y hombres en las candidaturas del FMLN a la Asamblea Legislativa y el PARLACEN" (page 28). Gives number of male and female FMLN candidates for departmental slate, national slate, and for PARLACEN.

Murguialday 1994: Gives number of women elected to congress and percent they constitute of all representatives, number of women delegates elected by FMLN, ARENA, and PDC, number of mayors elected by the left and the number of these that are women, and the number of female candidates for congress and mayor on FMLN slates (page 25).

Murguialday 1996: Gives number of women candidates for mayor on the FMLN slate and the total number of municipalities in which the FMLN had mayoral candidates (page 38). Gives number of women who won congressional seats and the percent they constitute of congress and the number of female mayors elected and the percent they constitute of all mayors. Gives percent of FMLN delegates who are women and states that FMLN and ARENA are the only two parties with female delegates. Gives rate of absenteism in the first and second presidential rounds and discusses possible reasons for the high abstention rate of women (page 141). Estimates the number of eligible women who did not vote in the 1994 election.

Murguialday 1997: "No es de extrañar, por tanto, que fueran mujeres la mayor parte de la ciudadanía que, teniendo edad de votar, no se empadronó ni solicitó documento electoral; tampoco extraña que ellas constituyeran la mayoría de los 400 mil salvadoreños que, estando empadronados, nunca llegaron a obtener su carné" (page 285). "(C)oncluimos que entre 800 y 850 mil mujeres no votaron, por unas u otras razones, en las pasadas elecciones: es decir, seis de cada diez salvadoreñas en edad de votar no ejercieron su derecho al sufragio. A la vista de estos datos, el ausentismo electoral femenino deja de ser un hecho anecdótico para convertirse en un fenómeno relevante de la vida política nacional" (page 289).

Resultados electorales 1994: "Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Elección presidencial. Votación para Presidente y Vicepresidente por departamento. Primera vuelta--20 de marzo" (page 363). Gives for each department the votes for each party, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes. "Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Elección de diputados. Votación para Diputados por departamento. 20 de marzo" (page 364). Gives for each department the votes for each party, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes. "Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Elección de concejos municipales. Votación para concejos municipales consolidado por departamento. 20 de marzo" (page 365). Gives for each department the votes for each party, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes. "Votación para concejos municipales por departamento. 20 de marzo" (pages 366-379). Gives for each municipality in each department the votes for each party, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes.

Seligson 1995a: "El 20 de marzo de 1994 se realizaron de forma simultánea cuatro elecciones: presidenciales, parlamentarias con fórmula de representación proporcional para la Asamblea Legislativa de 84 escaños, municipales en las 262 alcaldías con fórmula del mayoría simple (el partido que obtiene más votos obtiene todos los puestos del concejo municipal), y para el Parlamento Centroamericano, para el cual se eligen 20 diputados con la fórmula de representación proporcional en distrito nacional único" (page 63). Gives total valid votes cast and percent this constitutes of the registered voters and voters with the "carnet electoral" (page 64). "El Salvador: elección presidencial" (page 67). Gives percent of vote received by each party. "Voto para diputado (1994)" (page 69). "Quién vota en El Salvador?" (pages 69-76). Based on surveys, examines statistically who votes in El Salvador by education, age, sex, income, occupation, place of residence, ideology, level of information, and religion. Also gives reasons given for abstaining. "Distribución de votos y concejos municipales por partido, 1994" (page 77). Gives by party the number of municipalities won and the percent of the vote received. Emphasizes the disparity between actual votes received and municipalities won, for example, ARENA with 44.48% of the actual vote won 79.01% of the municipalities while the Coalición with 24.48% won only 5.73% of the municipalities. "Porcentaje del voto en las elecciones locales y nacionales para los 3 paratidos principales, 1994" (page 79). Gives by department for ARENA, PDC, and FMLN the local and national vote and the difference between these. "Resultados elecciones municipales, 1994" (page 80). Gives percent of vote for each party.

Stahler-Sholk 1994: Gives composition of the TSE for this election and distribution of campaign funds (page 24). Describes problems with registering voters for the 1994 election and gives numbers involved (page 25). Gives percent of presidential vote for ARENA, the Coalition, and PDC (page 28). Gives seats won by ARENA, PCN, FMLN, CD, PDC, and MU. Gives municipalities won by ARENA, PCN, PDC, MAC, and FMLN.

Williams 1997: Gives percent of presidential vote for top three candidates, seats won by each party, and mayoralties won by ARENA (page 178).

April 24: Presidential election--second round (Calderón Sol / ARENA)

Cardenal 1994: Gives number and percent of votes won by ARENA and Coalición and how much more these are than votes received in the first round (page 12).

Central America report April 29, 1994: Gives percent of vote won by ARENA and FMLN and abstention rate (page 1).

Cerdas Cruz 1996: "El Salvador: results of 1994 presidential elections (second round)" (page 24). Gives number and percent of votes for the two parties.

Country report. Guatemala, El Salvador 1994. 3: Gives percent of vote won by each candidate, voter turnout, and abstention rate (pages 25-26).

El Salvador elecciones 1995: "Elección presidencial. Resultados electorales, abril 24 de 1994, segunda ronda" (page 146). Gives by department the votes for ARENA and Coalición, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, and total votes. "Elección presidencial, abril 24 de 1994" (pages 149-177). Gives for each municipality in each department the number and percent of votes for each party, total valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, total votes cast, and percent of registered voters who voted.

El Salvador: elections 1994: Gives percent of vote won by Calderón Sol/ARENA and Zamora/FMLN (page 1).

FLACSO 1995: "Resultados electorales elecciones presidenciales segunda vuelta--24 de abril" (page 185). Gives for ARENA and Coalición number and percent of votes received, the total of contested and null votes and abstentions, total valid votes, and total votes cast.

Keesing’s record of world events April 1994: Gives number and percent of valid votes received by the two candidates (page 33953).

Lehoucq 1994: "Presidential election results in El Salvador 1994" (page 179). For second round gives number and percent of votes received by two parties, annulled and invalid votes and abstentions, and total votes.

Resultados electorales 1994: "Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Elección presidencial. Votación para Presidente y Vicepresidente por departamento. Segunda vuelta--24 de abril" (page 364). Gives for each department the votes for each party, valid votes, contested votes, null votes, abstentions, total votes, ballots used, ballots left over, missing ballots, and total ballots.

Williams 1997: Gives percent of vote won by each candidate (page 178).