Martin David Kamen Papers, 1923 - 1992 (MSS 98)

Extent: 7 Linear feet (14 archives boxes, 1 oversize folder)

Martin David Kamen (1913-2002) received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1933 and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the same institution in 1936. He continued his research at Berkeley's Radiation Laboratory (later known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory) in 1936, where he co-discovered carbon-14 in 1940 with Samuel Ruben. Kamen was expelled from the Radiation Laboratory in 1944 as a security risk for unspecified reasons. During his career at Washington University (1945-1957) he focused on the biochemical processes of photosynthesis. Much of his energy at this time was diverted by non-scientific matters: a libel suit against the Chicago Tribune, which falsely accused him of being a communist, as well as a successful 7-year battle to recover his passport, which had been rescinded by the U.S. government. In 1948, Kamen testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1985, Kamen published an autobiography, Radiant Science, Dark Politics, documenting the details of this period in his personal and professional life. Following four years at Brandeis University (1957-1961), he joined the University of California, San Diego Chemistry Department, where he acted as a "founding father" of the new campus. Kamen was named Professor Emeritus in 1977.

Martin David Kamen, the son of Russian emigrant Aaron Kamenetsky and Latvian or Lithuanian emigrant Goldie Achber, was born a U.S. citizen in Toronto, Canada, on August 27, 1913. Kamen received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1933 and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the same institution in 1936. He has been married to Esther Hudson (1938-1941), Beka Doherty, a journalist (1949-1963), and Virginia Swanson, a pathologist (1967-1987). Kamen is most widely known for his co-discovery of carbon-14, although for most of his career he has worked in the area of biochemistry focusing on mechanisms of photosynthesis.

On the advice of one of his mentors (David Gans), who had suggested that he continue his research in chemistry and nuclear physics at the E.O. Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory, Kamen set out for Berkeley immediately upon graduating from the University of Chicago in the winter of 1936. Kamen worked at the laboratory without pay for six months before E.O. Lawrence offered him a formal position, with a salary, overseeing the preparation and distribution of the cyclotron's radioactive products. Kamen's most distinguished contribution while at the Radiation Laboratory was his co-discovery, with University of California, Berkeley chemist Samuel Ruben, of carbon-14.

Kamen remained at the Radiation Laboratory until July, 1944, when he was summarily dismissed (without explanation) from the Manhattan Project and the laboratory. It was not until a full decade later that he learned conclusively that he had been blacklisted by the U.S. Army as a "security risk." Kamen's dismissal was followed by a year of reneged job offers in both academia and industry. In the spring of 1945 he was hired by Arthur Holly Compton to work in the medical school of Washington University running the cyclotron program. Teaching tracer methodology to the medical faculty and preparing radioactive tracer materials for their clinical research, Kamen's research interests gradually shifted away from nuclear physics and radiochemistry and more fully into biochemistry. With the publication in 1947 of his highly acclaimed text Radioactive tracers in Biology, retitled in later editions as Isotropic Tracers in Biology, Kamen ended his work on carbon-14.

In the next most significant phase of his research, Kamen focused on the mechanisms of photosynthesis in bacteria. It is this work for which he is most admired within the community of biochemists. His book on this subject is Primary Processes in Photosynthesis (1963). In later research, regarding the comparative biochemistry of cytochromes, Kamen and his collaborators established the general occurrence of hematin compounds in all photosynthetic tissue and identified the physical and chemical structure of a large number of new cytochromes.

Kamen's pioneering work with radioactive tracers placed him in high demand as a conference participant in the international scientific community, as well as at home. It was, therefore, more than a mere inconvenience when the U.S. government revoked his passport in 1947, on the eve of a planned lecture tour of Palestine. After repeated attempts to regain his passport failed, Kamen engaged legal assistance in 1950. Even then, it took five more years of hearings, interventions on his behalf by colleagues and friends in government, and court action before his passport was reissued.

The struggle to regain his right to travel freely was important to Kamen and it took up a great deal of his time. It was not, however, the only diversion to occupy his energies outside the laboratory during the postwar years. With communism increasingly identified in the U.S. as an evil influence, Kamen's dismissal from the Radiation Laboratory seemed to some individuals, evidently highly placed, to carry a menacing significance. In 1948, he was called to testify before the House on Un-American Activities (HUAC) regarding the possibility that he had leaked "atomic secrets" to the Russians while employed on the Manhattan Project. Although he was cleared of those charges by the HUAC, the label "atomic spy" proved especially difficult to shake. In 1951, Kamen began libel suits against the Tribune Company, whose Chicago and Washington, D.C. newspapers carried front-page stories (July 7, 1951) identifying him as the "high atomic scientist" Senator Hickenlooper of Iowa had named in a speech as a "spy and a traitor." As with his passport, Kamen triumphed in the end, winning a $7,500 judgment against the Tribune Co. in 1955. These events, as well as his scientific research and musical life are chronicled by Kamen in his autobiography, Radiant Science, Dark Politics.

In 1957 Kamen left Washington University at the invitation of Brandeis University to organize a graduate department of biochemistry. From Brandeis, Kamen went to La Jolla, California, where between 1961 and 1974 he helped Roger Revelle and others develop the sciences at the newly created University of California, San Diego campus. In the late 1960s, Kamen spent part of his time establishing a photosynthesis laboratory in Gif-sur-Yvette for the French National Center for Scientific Research. Between 1974-1978 he was an adjunct professor of chemistry at the University of Southern California. Kamen returned to UC San Diego in 1977 and became professor emeritus. Kamen died in 2002 in Montecito, California.

Although he probably remains best known for his co-discovery of carbon-14, Martin Kamen has contributed extensively to the field of biochemistry. The Kamen Papers provide valuable information about how, when, and with whom he conducted research, especially in the area of photosynthesis. Correspondence and research notes span most of Kamen's career, from his early undergraduate and graduate work at the University of Chicago (1932-1936) to laboratory work done in the 1970s during his tenure as chairman of the Chemistry Department at UC San Diego. Absent from this collection is documentation of Kamen's work done with Ruben and others between 1937 and 1944; these files are housed at UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library. Almost all of the materials in the collection are in English, but there is some correspondence in French, news clippings in German, and an account of the discovery of C-14 in Japanese.

Most of the Kamen files date between 1945 and 1955 and offer a rare opportunity for investigating the far reaching impact of the postwar political climate on the scientific community in the United States. Documentation of Kamen's experiences in the aftermath of his 1944 dismissal from the Radiation Laboratory as a "security risk" is especially rich and formed the bases for the two legal battles Kamen mounted: one against the Tribune newspapers for libel (in 1951) and one against the U. S. government (in 1955) for revoking his passport in 1947 and refusing to reissue it. The collection is also enhanced by the once-secret Federal Bureau of Investigation and Atomic Energy Commission records which Kamen acquired through the Freedom of Information Act. These provide telling examples of the reality and persistence of high level harassment aimed at scientists suspected of "disloyalty." Both sets of records, and the correspondence associated with their procurement, are included in the SUBJECT FILES Series.

In addition to his contributions to biochemistry, Kamen was a "founding father" of the San Diego campus of the University of California; he arrived in 1961 and served as Acting Dean of Graduate Studies between 1965 and 1967. Kamen was also a strong leader of the Chemistry Department, which he chaired from 1970 through 1972. Some sense of his administrative contributions in these areas may be derived from a draft of his "Proposal for a Division of Biochemistry" (n.d.); from three memos he sent in 1972, one each to Vice Chancellors Paul Saltman and Bernard Sisco, and one to Chancellor William McElroy; and from a single letter dated April 2, 1973, addressed to Chancellor McElroy (for these items, see the SUBJECT FILES series, UCSD Chemistry Department, box 14, folder #5). These are the only items in the collection regarding the administrative and policymaking aspect of Kamen's contributions to UCSD. Some of his financial contributions to the San Diego campus are documented, including an annually disbursed fellowship. There are also records of Kamen's academic and intellectual work while at UCSD, in the form of lecture, research, and laboratory notes. In contrast, there is very little indication of his academic or personal life during most of the years (1957-1961) he spent at Brandeis University, nor is there record of his specific activities at the University of Southern California (1974-1978). His tenure at Washington University (1945-1957) in St. Louis is well represented. Finally, despite the inclusion of pages from an early scrapbook and scattered personal references in some pieces of correspondence, the collection is focused almost exclusively on Kamen's professional life. There is one significant exception: the correspondence gives a clear picture of Kamen's accomplishments as a violist and sheds light on the intertwining of his interests in music and his scientific endeavors. The existence of a professional level musical community within his circle of colleagues is evident, as is the pleasure he took in friendships with Isaac Stern, Henri Temianka and Keith Humble.

Accessions Processed in 1992

Arranged in five series: 1) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 2) CORRESPONDENCE; 3) LITIGATION; 4) WRITINGS; and 5) SUBJECT FILES.

Accessions Processed in 1996

Arranged in one series: 6) ESSAYS.

Container List

Accessions Processed in 1992

BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS

Scope and Content of Series

Series 1) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS: This series documents Martin Kamen's professional career, beginning with his early educational achievements. Report cards, scrapbook pages, photographs, and transcripts are included. There is also a file containing media coverage of Kamen's role in the discovery of carbon-14. The Awards and Honors subseries details the significant professional citations Kamen received during his career. His most famous achievement, the discovery of carbon-14, is recounted in files containing media coverage of the 30th anniversary of that event. There is also a file concerning his decision to join the faculty of the University of Southern California in 1974. The correspondence regarding From Cyclotrons to Cytochromes, the published proceedings of a symposium held in Kamen's honor (see box 2, folder #2, Letters about "Science"), confirms his central role in the field of biochemistry. Commentary from colleagues and others regarding science and scientists and a summary of Kamen's research career (including a vitae and bibliography) complete the series.

Box 1 Folder 1
Report cards, 1923 - 1929
Box 1 Folder 2
Scrapbook -- Clippings, Photos, 1930 - 1940
Box 1 Folder 3
Early photographs

No date.

Box 1 Folder 4
Recent photographs

No date.

Box 1 Folder 5
University of Chicago Materials, 1930

Transcript, Convocation Program, etc.

Box 1 Folder 6
Awards and Honors, 1935 - 1989

Awards, Occasions.

Box 1 Folder 7
Awards and Honors, 1963

American Chemical Society Award.

Box 1 Folder 8
Awards and Honors, 1968

Honorary Degree, L'Universite de Paris.

Box 1 Folder 9
Awards and Honors, 1969

Honorary Degree, University of Chicago.

Box 1 Folder 10
Awards and Honors, 1973

University of Chicago, Alumni Award.

Box 1 Folder 11
Awards and Honors, 1974

Senior Fellowship Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Box 1 Folder 12
Awards and Honors, 1977

Honorary Degree, Washington University.

Box 1 Folder 13
Awards and Honors, 1978

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle -- Honorary Degree.

Box 1 Folder 14
Awards and Honors, 1979

Honorary Degree, Albert Ludwig Universitat, Freiburg, Germany.

Box 1 Folder 15
Awards and Honors, 1982

Merck Award/April Trip.

Box 1 Folder 16
Awards and Honors, 1988

Honorary Degree, Brandeis University.

Box 1 Folder 17
Awards and Honors, 1989

Consejo Cultural Mundial Award.

Box 1 Folder 18
Awards and Honors, 1989

John Scott Award, November.

Box 1 Folder 19
Carbon-14 Materials, Accounts of Discovery, 1963 - 1978
Box 1 Folder 20
Carbon-14 Materials, Accounts of Discovery, 1963 - 1978
Box 2 Folder 1
University of Southern California Press Releases, 1970

Media Coverage.

Box 2 Folder 2
Letters about "Science", 1983

May.

Box 2 Folder 3
Reminiscences by Others -- Articles, Lectures, etc.

No date.

Box 2 Folder 4
Research Summary, Vitae, and Bibliography

No date.

CORRESPONDENCE

Scope and Content of Series

Series 2) CORRESPONDENCE: Letters in this series are divided into two subseries: General Correspondence, which is arranged chronologically; and Collected Correspondence, which is also arranged chronologically but is further divided by subject (including named correspondent). Kamen's correspondence focuses mainly on research and professional issues and offers documentation of certain aspects of his day-to-day activities: requests he received and made for lab samples, questions and comments about procedures, efforts to find jobs for his graduate students, commitments to attend conferences, write articles, review publications, etc. Letters to and from such significant members of the scientific community as Arthur H. Compton, Robert Oppenheimer, Linus Pauling, James Franck, Georg von Hevesy, and Melvin Calvin are included. These exchanges are sporadic, however, and evidence greater breadth than depth. A few letters directly related to laboratory research issues are found in the notebooks included in the SUBJECT FILES, Laboratory Notebooks and Research Notebooks subseries.

The immediate and longer-term effects of Kamen's "security risk" difficulties are apparent from references in very early correspondence to his efforts to secure another academic job and from later references to his legal battles. The impact of the denial of his passport is tracked through correspondence (1947-1955) with the international scientific community, as Kamen is repeatedly forced to turn down invitations to attend conferences and/or accept academic posts abroad. His passport and libel problems receive more extensive treatment, however, in the correspondence found in the LITIGATION series. Additional letters on these topics appear in the Radiant Science subseries of the WRITINGS series (see box 8, folders # 11-13).

General Correspondence

Box 2 Folder 5
General Correspondence, 1940 - 1945
Box 2 Folder 6
General Correspondence, 1946
Box 2 Folder 7
General Correspondence, 1947
Box 2 Folder 8
General Correspondence, 1948
Box 2 Folder 9
General Correspondence, 1949
Box 2 Folder 10
General Correspondence, 1950
Box 2 Folder 11
General Correspondence, 1960
Box 2 Folder 12
General Correspondence, 1970
Box 2 Folder 13
General Correspondence

[1980s?].

Box 3 Folder 1
General Correspondence, 1980 - 1983
Box 3 Folder 2
General Correspondence, 1984
Box 3 Folder 3
General Correspondence, 1985
Box 3 Folder 4
General Correspondence, 1986
Box 3 Folder 5
General Correspondence, 1987
Box 3 Folder 6
General Correspondence, 1988
Box 3 Folder 7
General Correspondence, 1989
Box 3 Folder 8
General Correspondence, 1990

Collected Correspondence

Box 3 Folder 9
Australian National Committee on Biochemistry Symposium on Haematin Enzymes, 1956 - 1957

Canberra.

Box 3 Folder 10
Drews, Gerhard, 1972 - 1974

(Includes correspondence with Ulrich Fischer, 1980-1981).

Box 3 Folder 11
Ennor, Sir Hugh, 1949 - 1975
Box 3 Folder 12
Ferguson, Stuart J.

[1987?].

Box 3 Folder 13
von Hevesy, Georg, 1939 - 1957
Box 3 Folder 14
Humble, Keith, 1959 - 1981
Box 3 Folder 15
L.S.U.!! League for Social Uplift, 1956 - 1981
Box 3 Folder 16
Oliphant, Sir Mark, 1944 - 1980
Box 3 Folder 17
Salemme, F. Raymond, 1987
Box 3 Folder 18
Trudinger, P. A., 1975
Box 3 Folder 19
Williams, D. Paul, 1960 - 1983

LITIGATION

Scope and Content of Series

Series 3) LITIGATION: The Passport Division of the State Department revoked Kamen's passport in 1947 while he was in the final stages of preparation for a lecture trip to Palestine. Kamen's repeated attempts to regain his passport in order to attend conferences and deliver lectures abroad were unsuccessful. He sought legal counsel in 1950. The LITIGATION series, which includes four subseries, Correspondence, Court Documents, Legal Expenses, and Media Coverage, tracks Kamen's efforts, those of his lawyer, Nathan David, and those of numerous friends, colleagues, and well-wishers as they attempted to unravel the initial reasons for the passport seizure, the reasoning behind the ensuing denials, and the prospects for the future. The legal maneuvers extended over a period of five years and included the active support of institutions such as the Federation of American Scientists and the American Civil Liberties Union. The series documents activities occurring against the backdrop of a rising tide of anti-communist sentiment in the U.S. that culminated in the McCarthy hearings. When, in July 1951, the Tribune Company newspapers in Washington, D.C. and Chicago ran articles referring to Kamen as a "spy," he enlisted Nathan David's aid in a libel suit. This suit and the passport case overlap both in time and in substance. The series reflects this overlap. The Correspondence subseries, in particular, contains files in which items concerning the libel case and the passport suit are intermingled. Some correspondence from this era of Kamen's life is also found in the WRITINGS series, as part of the background research materials used in the preparation of RADIANT SCIENCE.

The Court Documents subseries consists of materials prepared for the libel suit (including aborted attempts to file suit against the Tribune Co. in Chicago as well as in the District of Columbia) and those amassed for the passport case. Among the trial exhibits are many newspaper clippings that convey the immediacy of the political and social climate of the 1950s while simultaneously capturing the details of Kamen's own experiences.

Kamen incurred a substantial financial debt in his pursuit of justice. Records of many of the expenditures and repayments are included in the Legal Expenses subseries.

The number and variety of clippings (mainly from newspapers) in the Media Coverage subseries demonstrate the widespread interest the libel suit and the passport issue engendered. Each aroused public debate regarding wider questions, such as secrecy and freedom of speech, national security and freedom of movement.

Box 4 Folder 1
Correspondence, 1947 - 1949
Box 4 Folder 2
Correspondence, 1950

Passport Case Correspondence.

Box 4 Folder 3
Correspondence, 1951
Box 4 Folder 4
Correspondence, 1952
Box 4 Folder 5
Correspondence, 1953
Box 4 Folder 6
Correspondence, 1954
Box 4 Folder 7
Correspondence, 1954
Box 4 Folder 8
Correspondence, 1955
Box 4 Folder 9
Correspondence, 1955
Box 4 Folder 10
Correspondence, 1956
Box 4 Folder 11
Court Documents

Kamen -- Request for Admissions U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 4461-51.

Box 5 Folder 1
Court Documents

Kamen v. The Tribune Company et al. 4461-51.

Box 5 Folder 2
Court Documents

Trial Exhibits Prepared for Kamen v. Tribune Company et al.

Box 5 Folder 3
Court Documents

Trial Exhibits Prepared for Kamen v. Tribune Company et al.

Box 5 Folder 4
Court Documents, 1952

Kamen Deposition, December 19.

Box 5 Folder 5
Court Documents, 1952

Kamen Deposition, December 19.

Box 5 Folder 6
Court Documents, 1952

December 20.

Box 5 Folder 7
Court Documents, 1952

December 20.

Box 5 Folder 8
Court Documents, 1953

Compton Deposition, January 15.

Box 5 Folder 9
Court Documents, 1953

Compton Deposition, January 15.

Box 5 Folder 10
Court Documents, 1953

Compton Deposition, January 15.

Box 5 Folder 11
Court Documents, 1952 - 1954

Martin D. Kamen -- Passport Hearing Court Documents.

Box 6 Folder 1
Legal Expenses, 1952 - 1955
Box 6 Folder 2
Media Coverage, 1951 - 1955

Kamen -- Clippings, Tribune Case and Misc., 1951, 1954, 1955.

Box 6 Folder 3
Media Coverage, 1952 - 1956

Kamen v. Dulles -- Newspaper and Newsletter Clippings.

WRITINGS

Scope and Content of Series

Series 4) WRITINGS: This series consists of four subseries: Bound Papers, Reprints, Miscellaneous Writings, and Radiant Science. Nearly all of Kamen's professional writings are included among the bound papers and reprints. In addition to drafts of such unpublished work as "What a Passport Means to a Scientist," the Miscellaneous Writings subseries includes an article co-authored with his wife, Beka Doherty, a statement prepared for the Congressional Committee on Science and Astronautics, and nontechnical pieces published between 1985 and 1992.

The Radiant Science subseries, composed of materials pertaining to the writing and eventual publication of Radiant Science, Dark Politics, provides a unique view of Kamen both as a writer and as a scientist. There is a complete copy of the original draft of the manuscript, along with correspondence mainly from the 1940s and 1950s that Kamen culled from his general files to support and document points he made in the text. Lightly annotated typescripts of the final draft of each chapter are also included. These drafts, in combination with correspondence between author and editors and between author and production staff, detail the process of transforming Kamen's autobiography from idea to reality. Accompanying reviews of the book indicate that it attracted a wide and appreciative audience.

Bound Papers

Box 6 Folder 4
Collected Papers, 1948 - 1950
Box 6 Folder 5
Collected Papers, 1951 - 1957
Box 6 Folder 6
Collected Papers, 1957 - 1962
Box 7 Folder 1
Collected Papers, 1962 - 1966
Box 7 Folder 2
Collected Papers, 1966 - 1969
Box 7 Folder 3
Collected Papers, 1969 - 1972

Reprints

Box 7 Folder 4
Reprints, 1938 - 1946
Box 7 Folder 5
Reprints, 1972 - 1976

No. 224-245.

Box 7 Folder 6
Reprints, 1976 - 1982

No. 246-272.

Box 7 Folder 7
Reprints, 1982

No. 274-.

Miscellaneous Writings

Box 8 Folder 1
Studies in Photosynthesis with Tracer Atoms

Draft, [1954?], (no date).

Box 8 Folder 2-3
Life and Times of an Oyster

Annotated and final drafts, 1954.

Box 8 Folder 4
Passport Miscellany - Drafts of "What a Passport Means to a Scientist", 1958
Box 8 Folder 5
Some New Cliches About An Old Argument, 1959

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, February.

Box 8 Folder 6
Written Statement Submitted to the Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1972

House of Representatives, May.

Box 8 Folder 7
Can only God make a tree..., 1985
Box 8 Folder 8
Le Gall

Foreword to ALEKSANDR PORFIR'EVICH BORODIN: A CHEMIST'S BIOGRAPHY, by N.A. Figurovskii and Yu. I. Solov'ev, (no date).

Box 8 Folder 9
Before Bigness and Bureaucracy, 1989
Box 8 Folder 10
Robin Hill, "An appreciation...", 1992

Radiant Science

Box 8 Folder 11
Background Research Materials -- Notes, Correspondence

No date.

Box 8 Folder 12
Background Research Materials -- Notes, Correspondence

No date.

Box 8 Folder 13
Background Research Materials -- Notes, Correspondence

No date.

Box 8 Folder 14
Original Draft Manuscript

No date.

Box 8 Folder 15
Original Draft Manuscript

No date.

Box 8 Folder 16
Original Draft Manuscript

No date.

Box 8 Folder 17
Original Draft Manuscript

No date.

Box 8 Folder 18
Book Expenses, Original Draft Manuscript, 1980 - 1982
Box 9 Folder 1
Correspondence with university presses, 1981
Box 9 Folder 2
Correspondence with U.C. Press, 1981 - 1984
Box 9 Folder 3
Correspondence with U.C. Press, 1981 - 1984
Box 9 Folder 4
Correspondence with U.C. Press, 1985 - 1987
Box 9 Folder 5
RADIANT SCIENCE

No date.

Box 9 Folder 6
RADIANT SCIENCE

No date.

Box 9 Folder 7
RADIANT SCIENCE

No date.

Box 9 Folder 8
RADIANT SCIENCE

No date.

Box 9 Folder 9
RADIANT SCIENCE

No date.

Box 9 Folder 10
Permissions

No date.

Box 9 Folder 11
Photographs

No date.

Box 9 Folder 12
Reviews by colleagues, 1985 - 1987
Box 9 Folder 13
Reviews by media, 1985

SUBJECT FILES

Scope and Content of Series

Series 5) SUBJECT FILES: The subjects covered by this series are divided into the following subseries: School Materials and Notes, Laboratory Notes, Research Files, Laboratory Notebooks, Research Notebooks, Patents, HUAC Materials, Loyalty, Security and the Red Scare, CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records, UCSD Chemistry Department, Lectures, Addresses, Conferences, Miscellaneous Newspaper Clippings, and Trip to England. The first subseries contains work done in Kamen's earliest days as an undergraduate and then as a graduate student at the University of Chicago. The next four subseries incorporate research that spans Kamen's professional career, with material ranging from 1948 through 1985. The laboratory and research notebooks, which record various stages of controlled experiments, frequently include entries by other researchers in addition to Kamen's notations. Some of these notebooks also include loose correspondence inserted between the pages.

The Patents subseries documents some of Kamen's scientific contributions, mainly in the area of apparatus, and mainly in the 1940s.

The subseries on HUAC and on Loyalty, Security and the Red Scare are composed largely of newspaper clippings and magazine articles. These media excerpts give texture to allusions made in the CORRESPONDENCE and LITIGATION series; they also provide a useful framework for viewing the larger world in which most of the activities encompassed by the Kamen papers occurred.

The CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records are a valuable source of information about how some organizations perceived and interpreted the daily activities of scientists during and following World War II. Kamen was the object of intense government scrutiny for many years despite repeated entries in the files kept by these same agencies that his case was "closed."

The UCSD Chemistry Department subseries contains a few memos, letters and clippings that give a clear, if sparsely documented, sense of Kamen's intellectual and financial contributions to the growth and direction of bioscience at UCSD. There is also a file of lecture materials Kamen used for a team-taught science course for undergraduates.

Lectures, Conferences, Addresses consist mainly of correspondence from individuals inviting Kamen to speak before a wide range of audiences over the period 1956-1987. Some of the flyers and posters used to announce Kamen's appearances are also included.

Miscellaneous Newspaper Clippings includes clippings with little connection to one another; most were found loose among Kamen's papers. The items range from a brief announcement of Kamen's work on photosynthesis that appeared in a German newspaper in the 1950s, to a "human interest" piece on Kamen from a Sheridan, Wyoming newspaper, probably written in the 1970s when he was vacationing in the area.

The last subseries, Trip to England, contains a single file with receipts that document a visit to London in 1956.

Box 10 Folder 1
School Materials and Notes, 1932 - 1933

Undergraduate.

Box 10 Folder 2
School Materials and Notes, 1932 - 1933

Undergraduate.

Box 10 Folder 3
School Materials and Notes, 1933 - 1935

Graduate.

Box 10 Folder 4
School Materials and Notes, 1933 - 1935

Graduate.

Box 10 Folder 5
School Materials and Notes

Undated.

Box 10 Folder 6
Laboratory Notes, 1948 - 1949

Phage, Analysis of phage for phosphorus.

Box 10 Folder 7
Laboratory Notes, 1950 - 1958

Enzyme and protein - Rr, 1950, 1954, 1958.

Box 10 Folder 8
Laboratory Notes, 1954

Metal Analysis, Spark Emission.

Box 10 Folder 9
Laboratory Notes, 1954 - 1955

Azotobacter Studies - Chromatium Studies.

Box 10 Folder 10
Laboratory Notes, 1950

Rubrum and P.S.

Box 10 Folder 11
Laboratory Notes, 1950

Rubrum and P.S.

Box 10 Folder 12
Laboratory Notes, 1961

RHP.

Box 10 Folder 13
Laboratory Notes, 1962 - 1964

Palustris Heme Prot.

Box 11 Folder 1
Laboratory Notes, 1971 - 1973

Infra-Red.

Box 11 Folder 2
Laboratory Notes

Cytochrome C3, (no date).

Box 11 Folder 3
Laboratory Notes

Preliminary Work on Lip-o Purification of Hexon-Phosphate, (no date).

Box 11 Folder 4
Laboratory Notes

Pseudomonas Cyto C, (no date).

Box 11 Folder 5
Research Files, 1955 - 1957

Nitrogen-15.

Box 11 Folder 6
Research Files, 1961 - 1972

Cytochrome C.

Box 11 Folder 7
Research Files, 1962 - 1965

Kinetics of RHP.

Box 11 Folder 8
Research Files, 1963 - 1985

HIPIP.

Box 11 Folder 9
Research Files, 1963 - 1985

HIPIP.

Box 11 Folder 10
Research Files, 1966

Splitting Pyr [?], c/Morrison.

Box 11 Folder 11
Research Files, 1966 - 1973

Cytochrome Papers.

Box 11 Folder 12
Research Files

Cytochromes, (no date).

Box 11 Folder 13
Research Files

De-Oxygenation Apparatus, (no date).

Box 11 Folder 14
Research Files

Miscellaneous Research Notes, (no date).

Box 12 Folder 1
Laboratory Notebooks

R. Gordon, Mallinckrodt, [1940s?], (no date).

Box 12 Folder 2
Laboratory Notebooks, 1956

U.C. Virus Lab--August 1-September 15, 1955.

Box 12 Folder 3
Laboratory Notebooks, 1959 - 1965

CNRS France/Lab Notes.

Box 12 Folder 4
Laboratory Notebooks

Culture Medium, [1960s?], (no date).

Box 12 Folder 5
Laboratory Notebooks

Culture Medium, [1960s?], (no date).

Box 12 Folder 6
Laboratory Notebooks, 1967

Chateau Gif, CNRS France.

Box 12 Folder 7
Laboratory Notebooks, 1972 - 1974

Notebooks.

Box 12 Folder 8
Laboratory Notebooks, 1974

Freiburg, Germany, Instit. Mikrobiol.

Box 12 Folder 9
Research Notebooks, 1933 - 1936
Box 12 Folder 10
Research Notebooks, 1956
Box 12 Folder 11
Research Notebooks

Horio-1961 - Scholander-Alpha Helix-1966 etc., Chromatography Course-1964.

Box 13 Folder 1
Patents, 1944 - 1958

Applications, Correspondence.

Box 13 Folder 2
HUAC Materials, 1948 - 1951

HUAC Documents.

Box 13 Folder 3
HUAC Materials, 1948

HUAC Clippings, News Items.

Box 13 Folder 4
Loyalty, Security and the Red Scare, 1948 - 1951

Newspaper Clippings, Magazine Articles, Pamphlets, etc.

Box 13 Folder 5
Loyalty, Security and the Red Scare, 1948 - 1951

Newspaper Clippings, Magazine Articles, Pamphlets, etc.

Box 13 Folder 6
Loyalty, Security and the Red Scare, 1955

"The Loyalty Security Problem," by Arthur H. Compton.

Box 13 Folder 7
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

CIA Correspondence, Records, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 8
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

U.S. Army Correspondence, Records, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 9
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Correspondence, Miscellaneous Records, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 10
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Correspondence, Miscellaneous Records, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 11
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 1, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 12
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 2, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 13
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 3, (no date).

Box 13 Folder 14
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 4, (no date).

Box 14 Folder 1
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 5, (no date).

Box 14 Folder 2
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 6, (no date).

Box 14 Folder 3
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 7, (no date).

Box 14 Folder 4
CIA, FBI and U.S. Army Records

FBI Records, Section 8, (no date).

Box 14 Folder 5
UCSD Chemistry Department, 1972 - 1973

Chairman, UCSD.

Box 14 Folder 6
UCSD Chemistry Department, 1972 - 1976

Contributions.

Box 14 Folder 7
UCSD Chemistry Department, 1981 - 1991

Kamen Fellowships and Lectures.

Box 14 Folder 8
UCSD Chemistry Department, 1983

Metals in Biology, Biology 102 lecture materials.

Box 14 Folder 9
UCSD Chemistry Department

UCSD Chemistry Dept., (no date).

Box 14 Folder 10
Lectures, Conferences, Addresses, 1956 - 1987
Box 14 Folder 11
Miscellaneous Newspaper Clippings, 1949 - 1992
Box 14 Folder 12
Trip to England, 1956
Oversize MC-041-07
T. W. Engleman poster, 1988

"A Seminal Scientist-Musician, T.W. Engelmann," July.

Accessions Processed in 1996

ESSAYS

Scope and Content of Series

Series 6) ESSAYS: A reprint of an essay titled "Reflections on the First Half-century of Long-lived Radioactive Carbon" (1994) and of the lecture titled "Out of the Darkness; Introspections about Chemistry at the University of Chicago in its First Half-Century."

Box 14 Folder 14
Reflections on the First Half Century of Long-Lived Radioactive Carbon

No date.

Box 14 Folder 15
Out of the Darkness

No date.